The first picture "gpu rig", "laptop", "server", "cloud node, etc made me realize how little compute I have. I don't have a laptop with 24GB VRAM or a workstation with 96GB. I think if I convinced all of my friends to run LLMs on their gaming PCs, I don't I would have the total VRAM in the picture.
As an aside, I saw this post mentions a public mesh, but I couldn't find any more information.
I note the lack of performance information. I can only imagine it's much, much, slower than any other way to run a larger model (including, e.g. using system RAM and streaming some stuff from disk). Consumer networks, even 10gbit ethernet, are slow as hell compared to local RAM and even disks.
Are we talking 1 token per second for a split model? Less?
Edit: Found a number. On the models list, Qwen 235B A22B says "MoE 235B/22B, proven at 16 tok/s across 2 nodes". They don't say what the nodes are and what network connection they have, but that's a respectable speed. Not quite comfortable for interactive use, but pretty close.
> I note the lack of performance information. I can only imagine it's much, much, slower than any other way to run a larger model (including, e.g. using system RAM and streaming some stuff from disk)
Not necessarily, and I suspect there are plenty of configuration for which this isn't going to be the case. Let me explain why:
- when offloading the weights to RAM or NVMe, you need to transfer the massive weights from your slow storage to the GPU for each layer being processed for each token. And as such you are being bottlenecked by the transfer bandwidth (which is either the men bandwidth of your DRAM or the read speed of your disk)
- when using a distributed setup, the weights stay in the VRAM on each machine, the it's the GPU memory bandwidth that matters for the weights, and it's much higher than the two other bandwidth discussed above and as such the bottleneck isn't here. You need to tranfert data from a group of layers sitting on one device to the next one another device, but the amount of data is much smaller than the weights (we're talking about kilobytes of data, not gigabytes) so the network throughput isn't a limiting factor.
The limiting factor is the network latency: if you split your model between 4 devices, you'll have 3 times the network latency per token. If you're on a network with 1ms latency, that means 3ms of latency per token. Which means the theoretical upper bound for your inference speed without speculative decoding is 30tps (this theoretical limit assumes the computation itself is instantaneous).
So this is unlikely to be practical over the internet (too high of a latency) but on a local/enterprise network with speculative decoding it could totally work.
Edit: note that all of the above is about token generation, for prefill/prompt-processing the distributed setup will almost certainly win (because in this case, the network latency doesn't add up)
I’m staring at this comment for a while now: With 3ms latency combined per token, wouldn’t that mean (1 / latency) = 333 token/s for the theoretical upper bound? I’m not trying to nitpick, just curious if I misunderstand something.
Ah, that's interesting. I though there was more data crossing the network. So, why does a DGX Spark come with super fast network if 10Gbps ethernet would be sufficient for splitting a model? I never bought a second Strix Halo on the assumption that the pipe between them would be a limiting factor to using larger models, so obviously there's something I don't understand.
The amount of data is only low for inference, not for training, and AFAIK DGX spark is supposed to be a researcher's machine that can do small-scale training.
This was done on my home lab simulating 5ms latency and jitter between machines. Splits work quite well if you your nodes are over WAN at metro latency’s but not super fast on global WAN.
The idea is that you could take several machines without dedicated RDMA or NVLINK fabric and use them to serve a large model on hardware you own then share it with others.
I’m currently working on GLM 5.2 on my lab environment with around 10 tok/s on the same split.
The lab features two Mac Studios: an Apple M3 Ultra (32 CPU cores, 80 GPU cores, 256 GB unified memory) and an Apple M1 Ultra (20 CPU cores, 48 GPU cores, 128 GB unified memory), both connected via 1Gbit Ethernet.
We use a customized Q2 quantization that preserves sensitive tensors at Q8.
To reduce compute time per layer, we are developing a custom GLM DSA Metal graph.
While we are not yet approaching MTP, we plan to port our existing MTP implementations from versions 4.7 and 5.1 to 5.2.
Since GLM's MTP acceptance rate is very high for a single predicted token, we are exploring token prediction techniques to widen the predicted tokens and utilize parallelism for verification.
It's notable that they're so valuable because they feature 800Gbps of memory bandwidth. About twice what's available on the top end of M5, and exactly what makes llm inference fast.
That sounds cool, but it's still pretty meaningless without information about what your home lab looks like. A few DGX Sparks wired up with their fancy super fast network is much different than a few laptops on wifi.
Perf should be fairly straightforward to ballpark. You'll need to transfer roughly 2 . hidden_size . num_shards bytes over the network per token during autoregressive decoding. And divide that number by chunk size during prefill.
Something like this is nice, where instead of having 1 model with X active experts, you have 10 different models, all small and dense, trained on specific information. and loaded on 10 different servers, with one router.
I’m one of the contributors to Mesh LLM and happy to answer any questions. I authored the skippy engine that allows you to split large models across nodes.
Hey, this is a super cool project. It's great to see a lot of the IPFS stuff resurfacing again.
A few questions:
1.) How does this handle privacy? If you're distributing compute this way then all actors in the compute graph will also know the sequence being computed.
2.) Any safeguards against malicious actors poisoning model activations?
To be honest, both are very tough problems we don't have a good answer for yet. If that is something that concerns you, look into building a private mesh with trusted peers.
Thanks for answering, that makes sense. Also - your setup seems like it could greatly benefit from speculative decoding. Have you guys given any thought to how that might work in this system?
P.s. for #2, you can probably do something like RAFT-styled interleaved computation. But this could get tricky unless you commit to a sharding scheme that makes it easier.
What is the incentive for me to join the public mesh? Do you have any fairness guarantees, e.g. if I contribute 1/8th of the VRAM required to run a particular model, do I get at least 1/16th of the inference share, or anything similar to this?
I have never really delved into kv cache implementation, do they run effectively separate caches per layer?
If so I can see it all dividing nicely, computation and data size wise and the only slowdown would be in search layer waiting for it's turn. If you pipelined it you could run multiple queries.
Is anyone doing best-of-n with a n stage pipeline running each query offset by one?
Each stage has its own KV for the layers it hosts. You are on the money there, when one stage is waiting it's free for more parallelism. I am planning on exploiting this for more token verification through ngram spec decoding.
Our skippy library is a patch queue on top of llama that allows us to access internal information, such as activations, and filter tensors on model load.
I wonder how security is done in this engine, since it's accepting input from anyone. llama.cpp's RPC layer seems to says that you shouldn't run it in public (I assume because it is lower level and may result in RCE on your GPU)
The obvious burning question is how performance looks over different network conditions on some standard models. Have you done much benchmarking? Is it mainly latency affected or is overall throughput less than the capacity of the GPUs due to being distributed?
I've been looking for similar distributed computing style LLM, and I found AI Horde and a few other smaller efforts like one from Aphrodite people and distributed training from Nous Research.
AI Horde seems to be the biggest of them all. Their API speaks KoboldCPP text completion (not even chat completion). It seems that the community (or at least the active people) strongly prefer it this way because the API exposes more tunables than chat completions, which for roleplay use seems to result in better result. I don't know what else you can use AI Horde for anyway since all other use cases likely will require tool use. Just this week I was set out to improve their OpenAI bridge to support chat templates and response parsing. We'll see if I could get it deployed officially then you might be able to use it to code, although you'll have to use RP models.
I think Horde do have a lot more abuse prevention. Workers needs to have 1 week of cumulative uptime to be considered trusted to prevent brigading - users can opt into trusted workers only. Running a worker give you kudos which is required for >512 max tokens generations and also free requests get bumped to last.
I’ve been curious what a polymorphic botnet that runs one (or multiple) distributed LLMs would be capable of doing. The idea would be to evolve the botnet delivery and payload using the clustered compute of all hosts in the botnet to run LLMs that guides the evolution of various botnet clusters. Bad cluster morphs get caught and cleaned off and bad delivery methods never spread, but the best versions survive to continue to grow.
What I envisioned for how it works is fairly similar to this, QUIC can actually be more difficult to detect than it seems since it’s very dynamic.
I spent a while trying to get mesh-llm running, but none of the installable llama.cpp builds worked with my older gpu. It looks like it should be able to be used to proxy an external llama.cpp service, but I had no luck setting that up either. Seems very cool, but definitely some rough edges.
the https://query.mt/ project has been using iroh based mesh for a while. maybe give it a go, especially if you wanna use your mesh models on your mobile phone as well.
I knew this was possible, i asked chatgpt about a year ago and it said no the latency would be too big of a problem. I spent the best part of a year learning libp2p and was looking for a project to do with it at the time.
If payloads to LLMs are being passed around to various nodes, even trusted ones (like friends and family), it gets awkward if you send something very personal. Think sending a medical question to medgemma:27b.
Indeed, it's in-transit-encrypted so snoopers won't be able to see it, but it's not E2E encrypted nor in-process encrypted, the one's doing the inference could obviously see the input/output.
Is it? I don't see anything on the website about splitting a model across multiple devices, only about putting local models on the internet, a wholly orthogonal problem (which is already easy with existing tools, since models use an http API).
Good point. I know cocompute is working on splitting, but it’s not there yet; I was referring to the round-robin delegation within a trusted pool. Mesh LLM looks great too!
Does this have intelligent expert handling for high parallelism MOE? You can get very high throughput for highly parallel MOE if you can mix different queries at each expert stage, but if the batch has to run together for the whole pipeline you get a parallelism loss instead of gain.
The first picture "gpu rig", "laptop", "server", "cloud node, etc made me realize how little compute I have. I don't have a laptop with 24GB VRAM or a workstation with 96GB. I think if I convinced all of my friends to run LLMs on their gaming PCs, I don't I would have the total VRAM in the picture.
As an aside, I saw this post mentions a public mesh, but I couldn't find any more information.
https://public.meshllm.cloud/
I note the lack of performance information. I can only imagine it's much, much, slower than any other way to run a larger model (including, e.g. using system RAM and streaming some stuff from disk). Consumer networks, even 10gbit ethernet, are slow as hell compared to local RAM and even disks.
Are we talking 1 token per second for a split model? Less?
Edit: Found a number. On the models list, Qwen 235B A22B says "MoE 235B/22B, proven at 16 tok/s across 2 nodes". They don't say what the nodes are and what network connection they have, but that's a respectable speed. Not quite comfortable for interactive use, but pretty close.
> I note the lack of performance information. I can only imagine it's much, much, slower than any other way to run a larger model (including, e.g. using system RAM and streaming some stuff from disk)
Not necessarily, and I suspect there are plenty of configuration for which this isn't going to be the case. Let me explain why:
- when offloading the weights to RAM or NVMe, you need to transfer the massive weights from your slow storage to the GPU for each layer being processed for each token. And as such you are being bottlenecked by the transfer bandwidth (which is either the men bandwidth of your DRAM or the read speed of your disk)
- when using a distributed setup, the weights stay in the VRAM on each machine, the it's the GPU memory bandwidth that matters for the weights, and it's much higher than the two other bandwidth discussed above and as such the bottleneck isn't here. You need to tranfert data from a group of layers sitting on one device to the next one another device, but the amount of data is much smaller than the weights (we're talking about kilobytes of data, not gigabytes) so the network throughput isn't a limiting factor.
The limiting factor is the network latency: if you split your model between 4 devices, you'll have 3 times the network latency per token. If you're on a network with 1ms latency, that means 3ms of latency per token. Which means the theoretical upper bound for your inference speed without speculative decoding is 30tps (this theoretical limit assumes the computation itself is instantaneous).
So this is unlikely to be practical over the internet (too high of a latency) but on a local/enterprise network with speculative decoding it could totally work.
Edit: note that all of the above is about token generation, for prefill/prompt-processing the distributed setup will almost certainly win (because in this case, the network latency doesn't add up)
I’m staring at this comment for a while now: With 3ms latency combined per token, wouldn’t that mean (1 / latency) = 333 token/s for the theoretical upper bound? I’m not trying to nitpick, just curious if I misunderstand something.
Indeed, I completely screwed my math up. Looks like 10am is too early in the morning for a Sunday.
33 tps max token generation speed would be for 10ms of network latency in the above example.
Ah, that's interesting. I though there was more data crossing the network. So, why does a DGX Spark come with super fast network if 10Gbps ethernet would be sufficient for splitting a model? I never bought a second Strix Halo on the assumption that the pipe between them would be a limiting factor to using larger models, so obviously there's something I don't understand.
The amount of data is only low for inference, not for training, and AFAIK DGX spark is supposed to be a researcher's machine that can do small-scale training.
This was done on my home lab simulating 5ms latency and jitter between machines. Splits work quite well if you your nodes are over WAN at metro latency’s but not super fast on global WAN.
The idea is that you could take several machines without dedicated RDMA or NVLINK fabric and use them to serve a large model on hardware you own then share it with others.
I’m currently working on GLM 5.2 on my lab environment with around 10 tok/s on the same split.
What hardware (CPU/GPU/memory) and network was used for this? What quantization for GLM 5.2? How much tuning of the split was needed?
The lab features two Mac Studios: an Apple M3 Ultra (32 CPU cores, 80 GPU cores, 256 GB unified memory) and an Apple M1 Ultra (20 CPU cores, 48 GPU cores, 128 GB unified memory), both connected via 1Gbit Ethernet.
We use a customized Q2 quantization that preserves sensitive tensors at Q8.
To reduce compute time per layer, we are developing a custom GLM DSA Metal graph.
While we are not yet approaching MTP, we plan to port our existing MTP implementations from versions 4.7 and 5.1 to 5.2.
Since GLM's MTP acceptance rate is very high for a single predicted token, we are exploring token prediction techniques to widen the predicted tokens and utilize parallelism for verification.
Equivalent M3 machines no longer for sale from Apple (only up to 96 GB) but can be had on eBay for around $14,000 each
It's notable that they're so valuable because they feature 800Gbps of memory bandwidth. About twice what's available on the top end of M5, and exactly what makes llm inference fast.
> because they feature 800Gbps of memory bandwidth. About twice what's available on the top end of M5
Ouch, about half of the memory bandwidth of a dedicated GPU though :/ Running LLMs on Apple hardware still doesn't make any sense to me.
M5 max has 614GB/s, you mean the m4?
That sounds cool, but it's still pretty meaningless without information about what your home lab looks like. A few DGX Sparks wired up with their fancy super fast network is much different than a few laptops on wifi.
Perf should be fairly straightforward to ballpark. You'll need to transfer roughly 2 . hidden_size . num_shards bytes over the network per token during autoregressive decoding. And divide that number by chunk size during prefill.
That's about the speed I get on a AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 370 (inside a Framework 13), with Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, so doing the same on that much larger model...
I'm more interested in running distributed inference for purpose built small language models than these coding LLMs.
Say a distributed inference for image processing, SDR, local weather monitoring etc. These will run on mediocre specs and produce dependable output.
Nicely done OP.
Something like this is nice, where instead of having 1 model with X active experts, you have 10 different models, all small and dense, trained on specific information. and loaded on 10 different servers, with one router.
I’m one of the contributors to Mesh LLM and happy to answer any questions. I authored the skippy engine that allows you to split large models across nodes.
Hey, this is a super cool project. It's great to see a lot of the IPFS stuff resurfacing again.
A few questions:
1.) How does this handle privacy? If you're distributing compute this way then all actors in the compute graph will also know the sequence being computed.
2.) Any safeguards against malicious actors poisoning model activations?
To be honest, both are very tough problems we don't have a good answer for yet. If that is something that concerns you, look into building a private mesh with trusted peers.
Thanks for answering, that makes sense. Also - your setup seems like it could greatly benefit from speculative decoding. Have you guys given any thought to how that might work in this system?
P.s. for #2, you can probably do something like RAFT-styled interleaved computation. But this could get tricky unless you commit to a sharding scheme that makes it easier.
What is the incentive for me to join the public mesh? Do you have any fairness guarantees, e.g. if I contribute 1/8th of the VRAM required to run a particular model, do I get at least 1/16th of the inference share, or anything similar to this?
Would this benefit from integrating with the Colibri project announced here just days ago?
I have never really delved into kv cache implementation, do they run effectively separate caches per layer?
If so I can see it all dividing nicely, computation and data size wise and the only slowdown would be in search layer waiting for it's turn. If you pipelined it you could run multiple queries.
Is anyone doing best-of-n with a n stage pipeline running each query offset by one?
Each stage has its own KV for the layers it hosts. You are on the money there, when one stage is waiting it's free for more parallelism. I am planning on exploiting this for more token verification through ngram spec decoding.
This is super impressive, We have a lab with lots of different epycs and different models - to bring them together this way is amazing. Well done!
Thank you! AMD is a weak spot in our testing right now. If you’re willing to contribute or let us borrow some compute time, drop in on the Discord.
Is it a fully custom inference engine or are you reusing parts of an existing stack? (llama.CPP, vLLM, etc.)
Our skippy library is a patch queue on top of llama that allows us to access internal information, such as activations, and filter tensors on model load.
I wonder how security is done in this engine, since it's accepting input from anyone. llama.cpp's RPC layer seems to says that you shouldn't run it in public (I assume because it is lower level and may result in RCE on your GPU)
The obvious burning question is how performance looks over different network conditions on some standard models. Have you done much benchmarking? Is it mainly latency affected or is overall throughput less than the capacity of the GPUs due to being distributed?
Curious about: does it have fault tolerance if one of the machines goes down mid-inference? Can it dynamically reroute, or does it just retry?
It can dynamically route. If a machine drops out of split, the topology is recalculated and the request is automatically retried.
I've been looking for similar distributed computing style LLM, and I found AI Horde and a few other smaller efforts like one from Aphrodite people and distributed training from Nous Research.
AI Horde seems to be the biggest of them all. Their API speaks KoboldCPP text completion (not even chat completion). It seems that the community (or at least the active people) strongly prefer it this way because the API exposes more tunables than chat completions, which for roleplay use seems to result in better result. I don't know what else you can use AI Horde for anyway since all other use cases likely will require tool use. Just this week I was set out to improve their OpenAI bridge to support chat templates and response parsing. We'll see if I could get it deployed officially then you might be able to use it to code, although you'll have to use RP models.
I think Horde do have a lot more abuse prevention. Workers needs to have 1 week of cumulative uptime to be considered trusted to prevent brigading - users can opt into trusted workers only. Running a worker give you kudos which is required for >512 max tokens generations and also free requests get bumped to last.
I’ve been curious what a polymorphic botnet that runs one (or multiple) distributed LLMs would be capable of doing. The idea would be to evolve the botnet delivery and payload using the clustered compute of all hosts in the botnet to run LLMs that guides the evolution of various botnet clusters. Bad cluster morphs get caught and cleaned off and bad delivery methods never spread, but the best versions survive to continue to grow.
What I envisioned for how it works is fairly similar to this, QUIC can actually be more difficult to detect than it seems since it’s very dynamic.
I spent a while trying to get mesh-llm running, but none of the installable llama.cpp builds worked with my older gpu. It looks like it should be able to be used to proxy an external llama.cpp service, but I had no luck setting that up either. Seems very cool, but definitely some rough edges.
I’d love a bug report - we can get it working for you!
the https://query.mt/ project has been using iroh based mesh for a while. maybe give it a go, especially if you wanna use your mesh models on your mobile phone as well.
All these ASICS being designed and specialized for AI but none seem to be being built for consumers. Reason?
I knew this was possible, i asked chatgpt about a year ago and it said no the latency would be too big of a problem. I spent the best part of a year learning libp2p and was looking for a project to do with it at the time.
I thought about this too, but the throughput over a network is incredibly slow. It’s not usable for interactive use.
Throughput is not a problem as you just share relatively small vectors (a few kilobytes in size), the key issue is network latency.
That isn’t true. llama RPC is incredibly slow but staged splits in skippy are orders of magnitude faster.
Does Mesh LLM encrypt the payload between nodes? Is it possible to read requests from other users?
I'm not affiliated, but yes – the main 'point' of iroh is that it's 'dial-a-key', QUIC with encryption based on the keys of the endpoints.
Just wondering, why do you care about encryption in this context?
If payloads to LLMs are being passed around to various nodes, even trusted ones (like friends and family), it gets awkward if you send something very personal. Think sending a medical question to medgemma:27b.
Even if transport is encrypted, the LLM computations will always be clear text, right?
Indeed, it's in-transit-encrypted so snoopers won't be able to see it, but it's not E2E encrypted nor in-process encrypted, the one's doing the inference could obviously see the input/output.
Is there a catch? If not, this would be super useful.
The catch is that the token generation speed is going to be limited by network latency, making it unbearably slow to run over the internet.
It can be great on a local network though, especially if your workload is prefill-heavy (more text input to process than output tokens to emit).
distributed AI computing so your hallucinations can be geographically diverse too
It sounds like iroh enables distributed compute without having to finangle custom hardware.
The real test is throughput. I'd like to see tokens/sec at higher concurrency and with uneven hardware.
cocompute.ai is already doing this really well.
Is it? I don't see anything on the website about splitting a model across multiple devices, only about putting local models on the internet, a wholly orthogonal problem (which is already easy with existing tools, since models use an http API).
Good point. I know cocompute is working on splitting, but it’s not there yet; I was referring to the round-robin delegation within a trusted pool. Mesh LLM looks great too!
Cool, always good to have more in the ecosystem. I love Iroh and hope this continues to succeed.
difference between this and Exo?
Does this have intelligent expert handling for high parallelism MOE? You can get very high throughput for highly parallel MOE if you can mix different queries at each expert stage, but if the batch has to run together for the whole pipeline you get a parallelism loss instead of gain.
I just wish I had the hardware to try it out!