> the listening circuit must also be tuned to resonate at the expected frequency of proton precession, which will depend on Earth’s magnetic field at your location
> the frequency of these tones matches the magnetic field at my location to about 1 percent
I don’t doubt the physics, but I’m not sure about the experiment design. Being able to hear the correct frequency may just mean you’ve built an oscillator and tuned it.
If I may recommend, replace output LM386 stage with any dual opamp (e.g. another NE5532 or TL072, slightly different schematic of course), they can drive 32 ohm headphone speakers without issue and have significantly (~100x) lower white noise.
You can drive even 8 ohm headphones to unpleasantly loud levels with any opamp and a pair of transistors to beef up the output, along with a resistor to sort out the biasing. I did something like this as a headphone driver amp for "desktop mobile" radios used as part of a communications centre for a large festival. Motorola had a device that would do it, for about 500 quid each. I built the thing in the PDF at the bottom (I must have rerendered this at some point, it was definitely not done in 2022, more like 2012).
Using cheap bag-of-1000-for-a-fiver Chinese transistors off eBay I was able to get incredibly quiet output, to the point that I needed to add a muting gate because the radio was objectionably noisy. I notice that the exact transistors are not mentioned but any small-signal NPN and PNP ones will do - I used BC548 and BC558s, like I use in everything.
It will be way quieter and way more stable than an LM386.
Edit: I'm a lot better at drawing things in Kicad these days, and would have left the capacitors at the input a lot tidier.
Only in the first two stages. Output stage is LM386 which will be the source of the most of the noise. Replace the LM386 with another NE5532 (but modify the schematic of course, LM386 is single audio amp and has different pinout)
There's an error on the schematic -- pin #3 on the first NE5532 does not connect to the junction of the 47 k and the 100 Ω -- it only connects to the two 47 k resistors.
The comment is worded a bit cryptic, that joint should not be there, the wire should cross the wire coming from pin #2, not connect to it so that joint mark should not be there.
I think, not from the surface, but have a look here [1], where the author referenced from the IIEE article has build a submergible sensor and detected (a know) boat.
The magnetometer in your phone is a MEMS sensor which measures mechanical deflection of a current-carrying element. The deflection is caused by the Lorentz Force, i.e. force induced by an electron current flow in a magnetic field (in this case, the earth's magnetic field).[1] The magnetometer in the linked article senses (EDIT: corrected, hopefully) oscillation in the magnetic field of protons, a result of Larmor Precession[2]. Remarkably, the oscillation frequency is proportional to the ambient magnetic field strength, and the frequency is in the audible range. The circuit works by rotating protons in the fluid so that their magnetic axis align, this results in a synchronised bulk magnetic field oscillation that is large enough to be sensed by a simple tuned amplifier circuit.[3]
Further, the magnetometer in your phone is a 3-axis device that measures the orientation of the magnetic field, whereas the magnetometer in the linked article detects only the strength of the magnetic field (in fact, is tuned to detect only a single strength/precession frequency).
The sensitivity
When I play with phypbox [1] there is a sensitivity in the µT range.
From the web page [2] the device build has a 0.1 nT resolution and 50 ppm absolute accuracy.
Hmmm.
> the listening circuit must also be tuned to resonate at the expected frequency of proton precession, which will depend on Earth’s magnetic field at your location
> the frequency of these tones matches the magnetic field at my location to about 1 percent
I don’t doubt the physics, but I’m not sure about the experiment design. Being able to hear the correct frequency may just mean you’ve built an oscillator and tuned it.
This channel has a more detailed coverage of what goes down in the field
https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ04J62_rG0AwQ57wb8Rxp7...
This particular vid is a sort of FAQ
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wg4GSXtpQzQ
If I may recommend, replace output LM386 stage with any dual opamp (e.g. another NE5532 or TL072, slightly different schematic of course), they can drive 32 ohm headphone speakers without issue and have significantly (~100x) lower white noise.
You can drive even 8 ohm headphones to unpleasantly loud levels with any opamp and a pair of transistors to beef up the output, along with a resistor to sort out the biasing. I did something like this as a headphone driver amp for "desktop mobile" radios used as part of a communications centre for a large festival. Motorola had a device that would do it, for about 500 quid each. I built the thing in the PDF at the bottom (I must have rerendered this at some point, it was definitely not done in 2022, more like 2012).
Using cheap bag-of-1000-for-a-fiver Chinese transistors off eBay I was able to get incredibly quiet output, to the point that I needed to add a muting gate because the radio was objectionably noisy. I notice that the exact transistors are not mentioned but any small-signal NPN and PNP ones will do - I used BC548 and BC558s, like I use in everything.
It will be way quieter and way more stable than an LM386.
Edit: I'm a lot better at drawing things in Kicad these days, and would have left the capacitors at the input a lot tidier.
https://onlyfandans.com/headphone.pdf
The schematic in the linked article shows an NE5532.
Only in the first two stages. Output stage is LM386 which will be the source of the most of the noise. Replace the LM386 with another NE5532 (but modify the schematic of course, LM386 is single audio amp and has different pinout)
Note the first comment.
There's an error on the schematic -- pin #3 on the first NE5532 does not connect to the junction of the 47 k and the 100 Ω -- it only connects to the two 47 k resistors.
The comment is worded a bit cryptic, that joint should not be there, the wire should cross the wire coming from pin #2, not connect to it so that joint mark should not be there.
I want to see pictures of the device and ideally a video of it in action. It would be stimulating.
https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ04J62_rG0AwQ57wb8Rxp7...
Could one use something like this from the surface to detect steel submerged under 20-40 feet of water?
I think, not from the surface, but have a look here [1], where the author referenced from the IIEE article has build a submergible sensor and detected (a know) boat.
[1] https://alexmumm.de/pgProtonMagMarine_en.htm
How is this different from the magnetometer accessible in a phone through and app like Phyphox?
The magnetometer in your phone is a MEMS sensor which measures mechanical deflection of a current-carrying element. The deflection is caused by the Lorentz Force, i.e. force induced by an electron current flow in a magnetic field (in this case, the earth's magnetic field).[1] The magnetometer in the linked article senses (EDIT: corrected, hopefully) oscillation in the magnetic field of protons, a result of Larmor Precession[2]. Remarkably, the oscillation frequency is proportional to the ambient magnetic field strength, and the frequency is in the audible range. The circuit works by rotating protons in the fluid so that their magnetic axis align, this results in a synchronised bulk magnetic field oscillation that is large enough to be sensed by a simple tuned amplifier circuit.[3]
Further, the magnetometer in your phone is a 3-axis device that measures the orientation of the magnetic field, whereas the magnetometer in the linked article detects only the strength of the magnetic field (in fact, is tuned to detect only a single strength/precession frequency).
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMS_magnetic_field_sensor
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor_precession
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_magnetometer
The sensitivity When I play with phypbox [1] there is a sensitivity in the µT range. From the web page [2] the device build has a 0.1 nT resolution and 50 ppm absolute accuracy.
[1] https://phyphox.org/download/
[2] https://alexmumm.de/pgProtonMagnetometer_en.htm
You learn a lot more making this.